HistoryArchaeological evidence indicates that a developed Egyptian society extends far into prehistory (see Predynastic Egypt). The Nile River, around which much of the population of the country clusters, has been the lifeline for Egyptian culture since nomadic hunter-gatherers began living along the Nile during the Pleistocene. Traces of these early peoples appear in the form of artifacts and rock carvings along the terraces of the Nile and in the oases.
Along the Nile, in the 10th millennium BC, a grain-grinding culture using the earliest type of sickle blades had been replaced by another culture of hunters, fishers, and gathering peoples using stone tools. Evidence also indicates human habitation in the southwestern corner of Egypt, near the Sudan border, before 8000 BC. Climate changes and/or overgrazing around 8000 BC began to desiccate the pastoral lands of Egypt, eventually forming the Sahara (c.2500 BC), and early tribes naturally migrated to the Nile River where they developed a settled agricultural economy and more centralized society (see Nile: History). There is evidence of pastoralism and cultivation of cereals in the East Sahara in the 7th millennium BC.
By about 6000 BC, organized agriculture and large building construction had appeared in the Nile Valley. At this time, Egyptians in the southwestern corner of Egypt were herding cattle and also constructing large buildings. Mortar (masonry) was in use by 4000 BC. The Predynastic Period continues through this time, variously held to begin with the Naqada culture. Some authorities however place the start of the Predynastic Period earlier, in the Lower Paleolithic.
Between 5500 and 3100 BC, during Egypt's Predynastic Period, small settlements flourished along the Nile. By 3300 BC, just before the first Egyptian dynasty, Egypt was divided into two kingdoms, known as Upper Egypt (Ancient Egyptian: Ta Shemau) and Lower Egypt (Ancient Egyptian: Ta Mehu).[1] The dividing line was drawn roughly in the area of modern Cairo.
The history of ancient Egypt proper starts with Egypt as a unified state, which occurred sometime around 3150 BC. Menes, who unified Upper and Lower Egypt, was the first king. Egyptian culture was remarkably stable and changed little over a period of nearly 3000 years. This includes religion, customs, art expression, architecture and social structure.
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Egyptian chronology, which involves regnal years, began around this time. The conventional Egyptian chronology is the chronology accepted during the 20th century, but it does not include any of the major revision proposals that have also been made in that time. Even within a single work, often archeologists will offer several possible dates or even several whole chronologies as possibilities. Consequently, there may be discrepancies between dates shown here and in articles on particular rulers. Often there are also several possible spellings of the names. Typically, Egyptologists divide the history of pharaonic civilization using a schedule laid out first by Manetho's Aegyptaica (History of Egypt).
* List of pharaohs: The time of the Pharaohs stretches from before 3000 BC to about 30 BC.
* Dynasties (see also: List of Egyptian dynasties):
o Early Dynastic Period of Egypt (1st to 2nd Dynasties; until ca. 27th century BC)
o Old Kingdom (3rd to 6th Dynasties; 27th to 22nd centuries BC)
o First Intermediate Period (7th to 11th Dynasties)
o Middle Kingdom of Egypt (11th to 14th Dynasties; 20th to 17th centuries BC)
o Second Intermediate Period (14th to 17th Dynasties)
+ Hyksos (15th to 16th Dynasties, c. 1674 BC to 1548 BC)
o New Kingdom of Egypt (18th to 20th Dynasties; 16th to 11th centuries BC)
o Third Intermediate Period (21st to 25th Dynasties; 11th to 7th centuries BC)
o Late Period of Ancient Egypt (26th to 31st Dynasties; 7th century BC to 332 BC)
+ Achaemenid Dynasty
o Graeco-Roman Egypt (332 BC to AD 639)
+ Macedonian Kings (332 BC to 305 BC)
+ Ptolemaic Dynasty (305 BC to 30 BC)
+ Roman Empire (30 BC to 639 AD)
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